Revenues and costs of the Olympic Games and the Football World Cup in relation to size, 1964-2018 (a) per athlete, (b) per ticket (all values in USD2018). This book is often regarded as impressive and important by the traders in the forex world to get guidelines as well as instructions before they set on their journey in the currencies. Among the analyzed variables is the percentage of change in the value of major indices, gold, top 10 currencies against the dollar, and so on. In the late 1990s, buying stock on margin was a common strategy as investors sought to take advantage of the tremendous leaps in value some stocks were taking as part of the dot-com bubble. Stay up to date with current stock market topics. Figure 5 considers the deficit/surplus in relation to the total cost This measure – known as return on investment (ROI) – is important, since small absolute surpluses can be relatively large if compared to total costs and the other way round. Compared to the World Cups and the Winter Olympics, the Summer Olympics are cheap to host, using the number of tickets as a yardstick. Examining the entire time period of our sample, Olymp trade bonus [https://encoinguide.com] an Olympic Games, Summer or Winter, incurred an average loss of about USD2018 1.5 billion, whereas the World Cup incurred an average loss of about USD2018 1 billion.
For the World Cup, Italy 1990 is an early expensive event at USD2018 2.1 billion, but the following World Cup in the United States in 1994 brought costs down to USD2018 0.8 billion in a no-frills exercise similar to LA 1984. World Cup costs hit an all-time high for the World Cup in Japan/South Korea with USD2018 7.3 billion, and have never fallen below USD2018 3 billion since. The mean ROIs across all events in our sample are thus negative for all three event types: the Summer Games are the least bad at − 25% mean ROI, followed by the Winter Games ( − 37%) and the World Cup ( − 47%). However, the mean ROI of the last three events of each event type post much better results: − 9% for the Summer Olympics, − 31% for the Winter Olympics and − 18% for the World Cup. Calculated over the last three editions of each event to smooth out fluctuations, the Summer Olympics hold a slight lead over the World Cup in total revenues (USD2018 5 billion in revenue to the World Cup’s USD2018 4.2 billion), whereas the Winter Olympics come in at USD2018 2.9 billion (see Table 2). Broadcast revenue accounts for about 50% of total revenues in all three events (slightly more for the World Cup), sponsorship for another 30% to 35% and ticketing revenue for about 10% to 15%, as Table 2 indicates.
The volatility index in Table 2 reveals the highest volatility in revenues for the World Cups, mostly due to the large jumps in broadcasting revenue. Surplus/deficit of Olympic Games and World Cups, olymp trade mobile app 1964-2018 (all values in USD2018). The volatility index shows that venue costs are much more volatile than costs of organisation for the Olympic Games, while volatility is about equal for both cost types for the World Cup. Los Angeles 1984, Atlanta 1996 and Olymp trade bonus Sydney 2000 were profitable Summer Games, Vancouver 2010 was a profitable Winter Games, and Russia 2018 was a profitable World Cup (the profit for Sarajevo 1984 needs to be taken with caution, see notes in Figure 2). Profitable events in our sample show a conjuncture of lower-than-average costs and higher-than-average revenues; just one or the other alone does not appear to be sufficient for profitability. The financial performance of Olympic Games and World Cups, 1964-2018: return on investment (surplus/deficit divided by costs) plotted against total costs (all values in USD2018). The Summer Games of our sample have always cost more than USD2018 1 billion since Munich in 1972, olymp trade mobile app with the exception of Los Angeles in 1984. The low cost of Los Angeles 1984 (just below USD2018 0.5 billion) is noteworthy, as it is even lower than that of Tokyo 1964 20 years earlier (USD2018 0.6 billion).
Our sample starts in 1964 for two reasons. Fourth and last, hosting a mega-event can have other reasons than purely economic ones, ranging from political posturing (Grix, 2013) to entrepreneurial urban development (Lauermann, 2014; Trubina, 2019). An economic evaluation such as this one can only shed light on one element of a fuller cost-benefit analysis. An NFT marketplace development platform contains a diverse collection of non-fungible token displays that serve as a significant profit generator. As the size of the Olympic Games and the World Cup has also increased over time, we examine the development of revenues and costs relative to two indicators of size: the number of athletes (Figure 3(a)) and the number of tickets (Figure 3(b)). The positive slope in both graphs shows that revenues and costs have grown proportionately more than the size of the event, as measured by athletes and tickets. The World Cup has the highest costs and revenues per athlete, at between USD2018 6 and 8 million per athlete in the most recent events. The costs per athlete are about two to three times as high for the Winter Olympics as for the Summer Olympics, but the same is true for the revenues per athlete.